Ammonia as Fuel
During my interview with Matt Simmons on “peak oil” for my book on renewables, I asked about suggestions for averting the imminent disaster he sees associated with maintain the status quo in energy generation and consumption. The response:
Large wind turbines will soon be built at the University of Maine and tested off the Maine coast, made from advanced composites with breakthrough characteristics in strength, weight, and cost. Once put into production, they can be used to produce large quantities of ammonia.
Matt pointed out that anhydrous ammonia (NH3), also known as “the other hydrogen,” is ultra-clean and energy-dense — the closest thing to a perfect transportation fuel.
He laid out a significant list of benefits:
- Liquid at ambient temperatures and moderate pressures (~125 psi)
- Has 52% of the energy density of gasoline, more than 50% more energy dense than liquid hydrogen
- Can be used directly in internal combustion engines, using relatively straightforward conversions of gasoline and diesel ICEs
- Easy to store and deliver in large quantities
- Current worldwide annual production of ammonia is ~130 million tons
- A storage and delivery infrastructure of pipelines, barges, rail and truck already exists for ammonia, with 3000 miles of pipeline in the US heartland; retail ammonia outlets exist in almost every state
- Can be produced cleanly from coal and natural gas with carbon sequestration, and also from biomass, renewable energy sources and nuclear power, using nitrogen from the air
- Contains no carbon, so releases no GHGs on combustion; also any NOx is easily neutralized
I propose to conduct a bit more research on this subject, and post my findings when they are available. In the meanwhile, please feel free to comment.